| Yash Kavaiya

Referencebook for Beginningto advance

For undergraduation you will be having...
The books that i am going to mention here will be arranged according to their levels in serial wise

Classical Mechanics
1- Newtonian Physics by AP french
2- Kleppener and Kolenkow
3- David Morrin
4- Keith R Symons
5- John R Taylor
6- Goldstein

Electrodynamics

1- Griffiths
2- Jackson

Optics

1- Ajoy Ghatak
2- Meschede

Quantum Mechanics

1- Zettili
2- Griffith
3- David Miller
4- Griffiths
5- Bransden
6- Eisberg
7- Merzbacher
8- Liboff
9- Gasiowiczs
10- R shankar
11- JJ sakurai

Nuclear Physics

1- Krane
2- Lilly
3- Kaplan
4- SB patel
5- SN Ghosal

Electronics

1- Malvino and Bates
2- BL thereja

Special Relativity

1- Resnick

Thermodynamics

1- PK Nag
2- Zeemansky

Waves and Oscillations

1- HJ pain
2- RN chaudhari
3- NK bajaj

Atomic Physics

1- BH Bransden

Modern Physics

1- Arthur Beiser

Essay Writing compition by Department of Atomic energy ( DAE ) ISRO | Yash Kavaiya

Chandrayan 2

*India’s 🇮🇳 First Lunar Lander 🚀 Falls Silent Just Before Touchdown*

An Indian spacecraft’s unprecedented attempt to make a soft, controlled landing in the moon’s south polar region has ended in excruciating silence: Shortly before touchdown, the robotic lander Vikram—part of the Chandrayaan-2 mission—fell out of contact with mission control. The Indian Space Research Organization, India’s space agency, says that the spacecraft stopped communicating with Earth when it was within 1.3 miles of the lunar surface.

“The Vikram descent was as planned, and normal performance was observed, up to an altitude of 2.1 kilometers,” said Kailasavadivoo Sivan, ISRO’s chairman, in a statement roughly half an hour after signal loss. “The data is being analyzed.”

In addition to setting a global first, a successful landing would have made India just the fourth country to touch down anywhere on the lunar surface, and only the third nation to operate a robotic rover there. Nevertheless, the Chandrayaan-2 mission’s orbiter remains safely in lunar orbit, with a year-long scientific mission ahead of it.

“India is proud of our scientists! They’ve given their best and have always made India proud,” Indian prime minister Narendra Modi said in a statement on Twitter after Sivan’s update. “These are moments to be courageous, and courageous we will be!”

Like any voyage to a world beyond Earth, Vikram’s flight was a risky endeavor, requiring the lander to slow itself down to a near standstill, autonomously scan for surface obstacles, and then take steps to avoid them during touchdown. The majority of attempts to land robots on the moon have ended in failure, either during launch or on the way to the surface.

Hand Written Notes | Kavaiya Education

Full Syllbus Hand Written Notes Part - 2

Full Syllbus Hand Written Notes Part -1

Atomic Theory and Modern Physics

Click Here

Classical Mechanics

Click Here

Electrodynamics

Click here

Electromagnestism

Click Here

Digital Electronics

Click Here

Mathematical Physics

Click Here

Nuclear Physics

Particle Physics

Quantum Physics

Solid State and Condense Matter Physics

Thermodynamics and Statistical mechanics

Click Here

Physics Lab | Yash Kavaiya

Reference-Books-for-CSIR-NET-JRF-GATE-TIFR-JEST-Examination

Mathematical Physics

1. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences : Mary L. Boas
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics: Erwin Kreyszig
3. Mathematical Physics: H. K. Dass

Classical Mechanics

1. Classical Mechanics : J.C. Upadhyaya
2. Classical Mechanics : Herbert Goldstein
3. An Introduction to Mechanics: Kleppner & Kolenkow
4. Concept of Physics (Volume I): H. C. Verma

Electromagnetic Theory

1. Introduction to Electrodynamics: David J. Griffiths
2. Classical Electrodynamics: Walter Griener
3. Electricity & Magnetism: B. Ghosh

Quantum Mechanics

1. Quantum Mechanics Concepts & Applications: Nouredine Zettili
2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: David J. Griffiths
3. Quantum Physics: H.C. Verma
4. Quantum mechanics: 500 problems with solutions: G. Aruldhas

Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics

1. Fundamentals of Statistical & Thermal Physics: F. Rief
2. Statistical Mechanics: R. K. Patharia
3. Thermal Physics: Garg, Bansal, Ghosh
4. A Textbook of Statistical Mechanics: Suresh Chandra

Electronics & Experimental Methods

1. Digital Electronics: Malvino & Leach
2. Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory: Boylestad & Nashelsky
3. Electronic Devices & Circuits: Jacob Millman & Christos C. Halkias

Atomic & Molecular Physics

1. Atomic and Molecular Physics: Raj Kumar
2. Fundamental of Molecular Spectroscopy: Colin N. Banwell & Elaine M. McCash
3. Introduction to Atomic Spectra: Harvey Elliott White

Condensed Matter Physics

1. Introduction to Solid State Physics: Charles Kittel
2. Solid State Physics: Puri & Babbar
3. Solid State Physics: M. A. Wahab

Nuclear and Particle Physics

1. Nuclear Physics: D. C. Tayal
2. Nuclear Physics, An Introduction: S. B. Patel

3. Introduction to Elementary Particles: David J. Griffiths

| Yash Kavaiya

#Interconversion_of_formulas

#Interconversion_of_formulas

1. Formulas related to force:

F = ma
F = kx
F = m(vf² - vi²/2S)
F = mv/t
F = md/t²
F = m(vf - vi) /t
F = Area × density × velocity²
F = 1/2 mv²/d
F = 1/2 Pv/d
F = Power/velocity
Fc = mv²/r
Fc = mrw²
Fc/2 = mv²/2r
Fc = 2K.E/r
F = Area × Stress
F = pir² × stress
F = YA × Strain
F = YAl/L
F = pressure × area
F = change in momentum × time interval
F = - 2mVx × Vx/2l
F2 = F1/A1 × A2
F = qE
F = kQ/r²
F = ILB sintheta
F = q (v × B)
F = qE + q(v × B)

2. Formulas related to energy and work

Fd = k.e
mgh = 1/2 mv²
E = 1/2 kx²
E = Ve
E = nhf
E = nhc/lambda
E = Pc
K.e = hf - work function = hf - hf° = hf - hc/w° (here w° is cutt off wavelength)
E = 1/2 Pv
mv²/2r= Fc/2
K.E/r = Fc/2
K.E = Fc×r/2
K.e = 1.5 KT

E = VQ
E = Power × time
E = Fvt
% loss in K.e = v1² - v2²/v1² × 100
% loss in P.e = h1² - h²/h1² × 100
Energy lost due to air friction(Fh) = 1/2mv² - mgh (when body is thrown upward)
Energy lost due to air friction(FS) = mgh - 1/2mv² (when body is thrown downward)
E = 1/2 CV² (capacitor)
E = R × hc (R is Rydberg' constant)
J = m-¹ × Js ms-¹
hf kalpha x rays = EL - Ek
hf kbeta x rays = EM - Ek
Binding energy = mass defect × c²

W = Fd Costheta
W = nmgh (when person is climbing stairs)
W = n(m+m) gh (when person is climbing stairs with some load)

W = 0mgh + 1mgh + 2mgh + 3mgh ....... (in case of stacking bricks. For ist brick h=0. For 2nd brick h=1. For 3rd brick h=2 and so on)

W = Fd = PA × change in V
W = Q - change in U
Q = mc × change in T
T/273.16 = Q/Q3 (Thermodynamic scale)
W = I²Rt
W = emf×charge
W = VQ
W = 1/2 lF
W = YAl²/2L
W = StressAl²/2Strain
W = PressureAl²/2Strain
W = Fl²/2Strain

3. Formulas related to Power

P = Fv
P = E/t
P = n(mgh/t)
P = Fd/t
P = mv²/2t

4. Formulas related to distance, displacement, velocity and accelration

d = vt
d = at²
d = (vf + vi/2) ×t
d = 5t² (for distance in 'n' seconds)
d = 5(2tn - 1) (for distance in 'nth' second)
d = 1/2 mv²/F
d = vit + 5t²
d = v × underroot 2H/g
d = vt = x°wt = x°2pi/T × t = x°2pift
x = x° Sin wt
x = x° Sin (underroot k/m) t

vf = vi + at
2as = vf² - vi²
2as = (vi + at)² - vi²
2as = vf² - (vf - at) ²
v = underroot Vfx² + Vfy²
v = Power/Force
v = 2×K.E/momentum (k.e = 1/2 Pv)
v² = 2×Power×time/mass (P = mv²/2t)
v = underroot 2as
v = underroot gr (speed at highest point in a verticle circle)
v = underroot 5gr (speed at lowest point in a verticle circle)
v² = 2FS/m
v² = 2E/m
v² = 2Ve/m
v = eBr/m (velocity of particle under action of magnetic force along circular path)
v² = Force/Area.Density
v = w underroot x°² - x²
v = underroot k/m × underroot x°² - x²
v = x°w (at mean position where x=0)
v = x° underoot k/m
v = v° underroot 1 - x²/x°² (for determining ratio b/w inst. Velocity and maxi. Velocity)
v= x°2pif = x°2pi/T
a = x°w² = x°w.w = vw = v.2pif
Common velocity = m1v1/m1+m2
vi² = Rg/Sin2theta
v = underoot Tension×length/mass
V = 2pi ke²/nh (speed of e- in nth orbit)
Vn = V/n
v = nh/2pimr (lambda = 2pir and lambda=h/p)
ma = kx
a = kx/m (SHM)
a = - gx/l (Simple pendulum)
ac = v²/r

5. Formulas related to wavelength 'w'
w = v/f
w = 1/wave number
w1 = 2l (when pipe is opened at both ends)
w1 = 4l (when pipe is opened at one end)
Delta w = Us/f (doppler shift)
Wavelength for obs. = w - delta w = v/f - Us/f
w = hc/Ve
w = hc/E
w = h/mv
w = h/P as P = underroot 2mE so
w = h/underroot 2mE (de Broglie wavelength)
w = underroot 150/V A° (short method for de Broglie wavelength. This formula is applicable only for e-)
1/w = RH (1/p²-1/n²)
Wmaxi/Wmini = n²/n²-p² (for determining ratio b/w maxi. Wavelength to mini. Wavelength for series of atomic spectrum)
w = 2pir/n (n is no. of loops in a circle)
h/mv = 2pir

| Yash Kavaiya

Stalwarts of Indian Science

Sir P T Sarvajanik College of Science
Physics Club in Collaboration IAPT (RC-07)
Celebrating Birth Centenary of Dr Vikram Sarabhai
Date 22 nd August,2019
11:00 to 11:15 Launch of lecture series "Stalwarts of Indian Science"
11:15 to 12:30 Talk on "Dr Vikram Sarabhai Visionary Scientist and Highlights of chandrayaan 2"
(Speaker Prof K.N. Joshipura)
12:30 to 2:00 Quiz Competition (Space Program)
2:00 to 2:30 Break
2:30 to 4:30 Power Point Presentation Competition (Stalwarts of Indian Science)
4:30 to 4:45 Announcement of the results / Valeditory funcation

| Yash Kavaiya

Space and Science fest, TARANG 2019

Greetings from PRAKALPA club of L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad. Once again we are planning to host a Space and Science Fest –TARANG during the 30th and 31st of August 2019

Various unique workshops will be conducted by leading scientists from various institutions like ISRO, IPR, PRL and much more are to be held under this fest.

Not only this ,but it is for the First time that ISRO is putting up its exhibition in Gujarat, that too in LDCE, which is free of cost

Many events like Mars civilization is being organized under the supervision of the scientists who were themselves a very important part of the Mission MANGAL.

telescopic observations through the ISRO telescope and Workshops like CHANDRAYAAN is going to be conducted by the Scientists who had worked in the CHANDRAYAAN project.

We have also invited numerous schools and institutions as well as scientists from all research organizations and this is open for all, anyone can have a visit to witness this amazing Space and Science fest, TARANG 2019.

The fest ends with a ravishing COSMO NIGHT, i.e.The Cultural Night, anyone can be a part of TARANG 2019 regarless of the college they study in.

Click here to register yourself: https://allevents.in/ahmedabad/80005485060427

| Svnit Help

Hartley Oscillator

Aim:

To study the operation of Hartley Oscillator

Apparatus:

1. Analog board AB68

2. DC Power Supplies +12V from external source or ST2612 analog lab

3. Oscilloscope 20 MHz, Caddo 802 or equivalent

4. 2 mm patch cords

Theory:

The Hartley oscillator is one of the simplest and best known oscillators and is used extensively in circuits, which work at radio frequencies. The transistor is in voltage divider bias which sets up Q-point of the circuit. The output voltage is fed back to the base and sustains oscillations developed across the tank circuit, provided there is enough voltage gain at the oscillation frequency. The resonant frequency of the Colpitt oscillator can be calculated from the tank circuit used. We can calculate the approximately resonant frequency as

ResonantFrequency(f_r) =

2π√L_T C

Here, the Inductor used is the equivalent Inductance. In Hartley oscillator the circulating current passes through the series combination of L1 and L2. Therefore equivalent Inductance is,

L_T = L₁ + L₂ + 2M

√

Where, M is the mutual inductance between two inductors.

M = K L₁L₂

Where, K is the coefficient of coupling, lies between 0 to 1. The coefficient of coupling gives the extent to which two inductors are couple.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect +12V dc power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.

2. Connect a patch cord between points a and b and another patch cord between point d and ground.

3. Switch ON the power supply.

4. Connect oscilloscope between Vout and ground on AB68 board.

5. Record the value of output frequency on oscilloscope.

6. Calculate the resonant frequency using equation mentioned.

7. Compare measured frequency with the theoretically calculated value.

8. Switch off the supply.

9. Remove the patch chord connected between points a and b and connect it between points a and c.

10. Remove the patch cord connected between points d and ground and con- nect it between point e and ground.

11. Follow the procedure from point 4 to 7.

Result:

• When patch cords are connected across a and b.

Practically calculated Output frequency (on CRO): 1.055 MHz Theoretically calculated values:

L_T : 2.078 x 10⁻⁵ H

Resonant frequency (f_r): 1.1038 MHz

• When patch cords are connected across a and c

Practically calculated Output frequency (on CRO): 310.6 KHz Theoretically calculated values:

L_T : 2.278 x 10⁻⁴ H

Resonant frequency (f_r): 334 KHz

| Svnit Help

Colpitt’s Oscillator

Aim:

To study the operation of Colpitt’s Oscillator

Apparatus:

1. Analog board AB67

2. DC Power Supplies +12V from external source or ST2612 analog lab

3. Oscilloscope 20 MHz, Caddo 802 or equivalent

4. 2 mm patch cords

Theory:

Oscillators are circuits that produce specific, periodic waveforms such as square, triangular, sawtooth, and sinusoidal. Two requirements for oscillation are:

1. The magnitude of the loop gain AvB must be at least 1, and

2. The total phase shift of the loop gain AvB must be equal to 0^o or 360^o. If the amplifier causes a phase shift of 180^o, the feedback circuit must provide an additional phase shift of 180^o so that the total phase shift around the loop is 360^o.

The Colpitt oscillator is one of the simplest and best known oscillators and is used extensively in circuits, which work at radio frequencies. The transistor is in voltage divider bias which sets up Q-point of the circuit.In the circuit note that Vout is actually the ac voltage across C2. This voltage is fed back to the base and sustains oscillations developed across the tank circuit, provided there is enough voltage gain at the oscillation frequency.

The resonant frequency of the Colpitt oscillator can be calculated from the tank circuit used. We can calculate the approximately resonant frequency as

ResonantFrequency(f_r) =

2π√LC

Here, the capacitance used is the equivalent capacitance the circulating cur- rent passes through. In Colpitt oscillator the circulating current passes through the series combination of C1 and C2. Therefore equivalent capacitance is,

C equivalent) = C1C2

( C₁ + C₂

Procedure:

1. Connect +12V DC power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST-2612 Analog Lab.

2. Connect a patch cord between points a and b and another patch chord between points d and g1.

3. Switch ON the power supply.

4. Connect oscilloscope between points f and g2 on AB–67 board.

5. Record the value of output frequency on oscilloscope.

6. Calculate the resonant frequency using equation mentioned.

7. Compare measured frequency with the theoretically calculated value.

8. Switch off the supply.

9. Remove the patch chord connected between points a and b and connect it between points a and c.

10. Remove the patch chord connected between points d and g1 and connect it between points e and g2.

11. Follow the procedure from point 4 to 8.

12. Connect +5V supply instead of +12V supply ly and follow the procedure from point 2 to point 11.

Result:

• When patch cords are connected across C₁ and C₂

Practically calculated Output frequency (on CRO): 1.073 MHz Theoretically calculated values

C_equ: 14.98 nF

Resonant frequency (f_r): 1.18 MHz Output voltage amplitude : 1.90 V (Vp-p)

• When patch cords are connected across C₃ and C₄

Practically calculated Output frequency (on CRO): 1.76 MHz Theoretically calculated values

C_equ: 4.71 nF

Resonant frequency (f_r): 2.12 MHz Output voltage amplitude : 3.58 V (Vp-p)